![]() Thomas Rid, Active Measures - The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare Weakened democracies, in turn, succumb more easily to the temptations of active measures. ![]() The stronger and the more robust a democratic body politic, the more resistant to disinformation it will be - the more reluctant to deploy and optimize disinformation. It is impossible to excel at disinformation and democracy at the same time. For liberal democracies in particular, disinformation represents a double threat: being at the receiving end of active measures will undermine democratic institutions – and giving in to the temptation to design and deploy them will have the same result. A society’s approach to active measures is a litmus test for its republican institutions. ![]() When vast, secretive bureaucracies engage in systemic deception, at large scale and over a long time, they will optimize their own organizational culture for this purpose, and undermine the legitimacy of public administration at home. "Disinformation operations, in essence, erode the very foundation of open societies ¬– not only for the victim but also for the perpetrator. ![]() "What are the facts? Again and again and again - what are the facts? Shun wishful thinking, ignore divine revelation, forget what "the stars foretell," avoid opinion, care not what the neighbors think, never mind the unguessable "verdict of history" - what are the facts, and to how many decimal places? You pilot always into the unknown future facts are your single clue. Get the facts!" - Robert A. ![]()
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